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APA
The following are the suggested methods for citing electronic sources using
the APA style:
Individual Works
CD-ROM or Online Database:
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition). [Type of medium]. Producer
(optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access date].
Example:
Oxford English dictionary computer file: On compact
disc (2nd ed.), [CD-ROM]. (1992). Available: Oxford UP [1995,
May 27].
Internet Sources:
Author/editor. (Year). Title (edition), [Type of medium]. Producer
(optional). Available Protocol (e.g. HTTP): Site/Path/File [Access date].
Example:
Pritzker, T.J. (No date). An Early fragment from central Nepal [Online].
(1992). Available HTTP: http://www.ingress.com/~astanart/pritzker/pritzker.html
[1995, June 8].
Parts of Works
CD-ROM or Online Database:
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium].
Producer (optional). Available: Supplier/Database identifier or number [Access
date].
Example:
Bosnia and Hercegovina. (1995). In Academic American Encyclopedia
[Online]. Available: Dow Jones News Retrieval Service/ENCYC [1995, June
5].
Internet Sources:
Author/editor. (Year). Title. In Source (edition), [Type of medium].
Producer (optional). Available Protocol (e.g. HTTP): Site/Path/File [Access
date].
Example:
Daniel, R.T. (1995). The history of Western music. In Britannica online:
Macropaedia [Online]. Available HTTP: http://www.ed.com:180/.cgi-bin/g:DocF=macro/5004/45/0.html
[1995, June 14].
Journal Articles
CD-ROM or Online database:
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(issue),
paging or indicator of length. Available: Supplier/Database name (Database
identifier or number, if available)/Item or accession number [Access date].
Example:
Clark, J.K. Complications in academia: Sexual harassment and the law. Siecus
Report [CD-ROM], 21(6), 6-10. Available: 1994 SIRS/SIRS 1993
School/Volume 4/Article 93A [1995, June 13].
Internet Sources:
Author. (Year). Title. Journal Title [Type of medium], volume(number),
paging or indication of length. Available Protocol (e.g. HTTP): Site/Path/File
[Access date].
Example:
Inada, K. (1995). A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal
of Buddhist Ethics [Online], 2, 9 paragraphs. Available HTTP:
http://www.cac.psu.edu/jbe/twocont.html [1995, June 21].
Discussion List Messages
Author. (Year, Month Day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type
of medium]. Available E-mail: DISCUSSION LIST@e-mail address [access date].
Example:
RRECOME. (1995, April 1). Top ten rules of film criticism. Discussions
on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: CINEMA-L@american.edu
[1995, April 1].
Or
Author. (Year, Month Day). Subject of message. Discussion List [Type
of medium]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@e-mail address/Get [Access date]. (used
when item found by searching list archive)
Example:
Discussions on All Forms of Cinema [Online]. Available E-mail: LISTSERV@american.edu/Get
cinema-l log9504A [1995, August 1].
Personal Electronic Communications (e-mail)
Sender (Sender's E-mail address). (Year, Month Day). Subject of message.
E-mail to recipient (Recipient's E-mail address).
Example:
Day, Martha (MDAY@sage.uvm.edu). (1995, July 30). Review of film--Bad
Lieutenant. E-mail to Xia Li (XLI@moose.uvm.edu).
From: Li, Xia. "Electronic Sources: APA Style of Citation." N.D.
Online. Internet. Available HTTP: http://www.uvm.edu/~xli/reference/apa.html.
6 Feb. 1996.
For more information, see: Electronic Styles: A Handbook For Citing Electronic
Information. Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane. Medford, NJ: Information Today,
1996. Ref PN 171 .F56 L5 1996 (at Reference Desk)
MLA
Below are the possible components that may be found when citing an electronic
document, in the order in which one would enter the citation. Many electronic
documents will not have all of these elements. For instance, an electronic
version of a journal article would have a journal title and the title of the
article that corresponds to the printed original; however, and original work
on a web site likely would not.:
- Name of the author, editor, compilier or translator (if given)
- Title of the article or document (in quotation marks)
- Title of the book, journal, newsletter, or conference (underlined)
- Name of the editor, compilier or translator (if not cited earlier)
- Publication information for the print equivalent
- Name of the editor of the site (if given)
- Title of the Internet site
- Version number of the source or for a journal the volume number, issue
number, or other identifying number
- Date or update of the electronic version
- In the case of a subcription service (such as EBSCO's Academic Search
Elite) the name of the service. In the case of a single subcriber (such
as the Ethel K. Smith Library) or a consortia (such as NCLIVE) the name
of subscriber or consortia and, where possible, its geographic location.
- For a listserv or discussion forum, the name of the forum.
- Number of pages or paragraphs (if given) or n. pag. (no pagination)
- Name of institution sponcering the site
- Date of access
- The URL (if the length of the URL is too long, the site's search page
for the document or the home page of the subscription service)
Examples:
A. Web page with no print equivalent:
"Southern drawls don't compute" CNN.com.
17 November 2003 Cable News Network. 20 November 2003 <http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/ptech/11/17/
offbeat.voice.ap/index.html>.
B. An online book:
Homer. The Illiad. Trans. Samuel Butler. The Internet
Classics Archive 15 April 2004. <http://classics.mit.edu/Homer/ iliad.html>.
C. An online article
Van Biema, David. "Found In Translation" Time.
19 April 2004. 15 April 2004. <http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/
0,9171,1101040419-610058,00.html>
D. An online book via NC-LIVE
Melanson, Richard A. American Foreign Policy Since the
Vietnam War : The Search for Consensus From Nixon to Clinton.
2000. Armonk, N.Y. ME Sharpe. netLibrary. NC-LIVE. 15 April 2004
<http://www.netlibrary.com/>
E. An online article via NC-LIVE
Saraceno, Jon. "Fools and Fans are Soon Parted."
USA Today. 28 August 2002. Academic Search Elite. EBSCO. NC-LIVE.
15 April 2004. <www.epnet.com/>
F. An online article from a non-NC-LIVE commercial vendor.
Rozin, Paul and Rebecca Catanese Bauer. "Food and Life,
Pleasure and Worry, Among American College Students Gender Differences and
Regional Similarities." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
85:1 (2003). PsycARTICLES. FirstSearch. Wingate University, Ethel
K. Smith Library. 15 April 2004. <http://firstsearch.oclc.org/>
Taken from:
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, sixth Edition.
Joseph Gibaldi. New York: Modern Language Association, 2003. pp. 214-15.
Ref LB2369.G53 2003
For more information, see:
Electronic Style: A Handbook For Citing Electronic Information.
Xia Li and Nancy B. Crane. Medford, NJ: Information Today, 1996. Ref PN
171 .F56 L5 1996 (at Reference Desk)
Updated
July 27, 2007
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